FARA in detail
 The Human Body

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1. The human body
2. Airway
3. Circulation
4. Bleeding and soft tissue injuries
5. Injuries to muscles and bones
6. Childbirth and children
Body System

 

A. The Musculoskeletal system

 

1. The Skeletal System

    a. Function


     (1) Gives the body shape

     

    (2) Protects vetal intal internal organs

       

    b. Components

     

    (1) Skull - houses and protects the brain
    (2) Face
    (3) Spinal Column
    (4) Thorax

       

      (a) Ribs 
      (b) Breastbone (sternum) 

         

        1) Xiphoid process - lowest portion of the sternum 
        2) Landmark for determining hand position for chest compressions 

           

    (5) Pelvis
    (6) Lower extremities

       

      (a) Thigh (femur) 
      (b) Knee cap (patella) 
      (c) Shin (tibia and fibula) 
      (d) Ankle 
      (e) Feet 
      (f) Toes 

         

    (7) Upper extremities

       

      (a) Shoulder (collar bone and shoulder blade) 
      (b) Upper arm (humerus) 
      (c) Forearm (radius and ulna) 
      (d) Wrist 
      (e) Hand 
      (f) Fingers 

         

    (8) Joints - where bones connect to other bones

2. The Muscular System

 

    a. Function

     

    (1) Give the body shape.
    (2) Protect internal organs.
    (3) Provide for movement.

       

    b. Components

    (1) Voluntary (skeletal)

       

      (a) Attached to the bones.

      (b) Under control of the nervous system and brain. Can be  contracted and relaxed by thewill of the individual.

      (c) Responsible for movement

         

    (2) Involuntary (smooth)

 

      (a) Found in the walls of the tubular structures of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system.

      (b) Also in the blood vessels and bronchi. 

         

    (3) Cardiac

       

      (a) Found only in the heart. 
      (b) Can tolerate interruption of blood supply for only very short periods.

       

B. The Respiratory system

 

1. Function

 

a. Deliver oxygen to the body
b. Remove carbon dioxide  from the body

 

2. Components / anatomy

 

a. Nose and mouth 
b. Pharynx

    (1) Pro pharynx 
    (2) Naxopharynx 

c. Epiglottis - a leaf shaped structure that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing.

d. Windpipe (trachea)
e. Voice box (larynx)
f. Lungs
g. Diaphragm

 

3. Physiology

 

a. Diaphragm moves down, chest moves out, drawing air into the lungs  (inhalation)
b. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
c. Diaphragm moves up causing air to exit the lungs (exhalation)

 

4. Infant and child anatomy and physiology considerations

 

a. All structures are smaller and more easily obstructed than in adults.
b. Infants' and children's tongues take up proportionally more space in the mouth than adults.
c. The trachea is more flexible in infants and children.
d. The primary cause of cardiac arrest in infants and children is an uncorrected respiratory problem.

 

C.  The Circulatory system

 

1. Function

a. Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
b. Remove waste products from the tissues

2. components / Anatomy

 

a.  Heart

    (1)  Atrium 

    (a)  Right - receives blood from the veins

    of the body 
    (b)  Left - receives blood from the lungs 

    (2)  Ventricle 

    (a)  Right - pumps blood to the lungs. 
    (b)  Left - pumps blood to the body. 
    (c)  Valves prevent back flow of blood. 

 

b.  Arteries

    (1)  Carry blood away from the heart to threats of the body. 
    (2)  Major arteries 

    (a)  Carotid 

      1)  Major artery of the neck. 
      2)  Pulsations can be palpated on either side of the neck. 

    (b)  Femoral 

      1)  The major artery of the thigh. 
      2)  Pulsations can be pulsated in the groin area (the crease between the abdomen and thigh). 

    (c)  Radial 

      1)  Major artery of the lower arm. 
      2)  Pulsations can be pulsated at palm side of the wrist thumb side. 

    (d)  Brachial 

      1)  An artery of the upper arm. 
      2)  Pulsations can be palpated on the inside of the arm  between the

      elbow and the shoulder. 

c.  Capillaries

    (1)  Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries to veins 
    (2)  Found in all parts of the body 
    (3)  Allow for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide 

d.  Veins - vessels that carry blood back to the heart 
e.  Blood

    (1)  Fluid of the circulatory system 
    (2)  Carries oxygen and cabondioxide 

3. Physiology

a. Left ventricle contracts, sending a wave of blood through the arteries.
b. Pulse can be felt anywhere an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone. 

    (1) Carotid 
    (2) Femoral 
    (3) Radial 
    (4) Brachial

D. The Nervous system

 

1. Function

    a. Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of the body.
    b. Provides for higher mental function (thought, emotion)

2. Components / Anatomy

    a. Central nervous system

      (1) Brain - located within the cranium. 
      (2) Spinal cord - located within the spinal column 

    b. Peripheral nervous system

      (1) Sensory - carries information from the body to the brain and spinal cord. 
      (2) Motor - carries information from the brain and spinal cord to the body.

E. Skin

 

1. Function

    a. Protects the body from the environment, bacteria and other organisms.
    b. Helps regulate the temperature of the body.
    c. Prevents dehydration
    d. Senses heat, cold , touch, pressure and pain; transmits this information to the brain

    and spinal cord.